Future generations will ask, What did you do when the choice became clear between war and development? Did you defend the old order that was failing, or did you join the movement for a new world? As Europe lay in ruins by the end of World War II, the United States adopted the Marshall Plan, […]

Both countries maintained or rebuilt substantial state capacity over their strategic economic sectors… the opposite of what structural adjustment programs prescribed for the Global South, which systematically dismantled state capacity under the banner of market reform. Part One of this series examined the structural gap between formal independence and real sovereignty, tracing the condition through […]