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Portugal de Lés-a-Lés com ‘Colheita Vintage’ em 2026 chega ao seu destino

Encerrou em grande a edição de todas as lendas

Super divertida, tórrida, inovadora, nutrida, exigente, casamenteira, descobridora, desafiante, gulosa e atrevida. Assim foi a 28.ª edição do Portugal de Lés-a-Lés, essa aventura que, todos os anos, leva centenas a descobrir um País fabuloso para o mototurismo. Claro que muitos mais adjetivos poderiam ser utlizados, mas esses guardam-nos, na alma e no coração, todos e cada um dos participantes que percorram mais de 1100 quilómetros entre Faro e Vizela, parando em 18 Oásis e noutros tantos locais em busca de um alicate que assinalasse na tarjeta o cumprimento integral de um percurso soberbamente apresentado nas 67 páginas de um ‘road-book’ que é uma obra de arte.

Números que, no entanto, são insuficientes para espelhar a real dimensão da maior aventura mototurística da Europa, colocada na estrada por uma grande equipa, e que, nesta ‘colheita vintage’ de 2026 garantiu enorme animação do primeiro quilómetro ao último metro. Sempre com muito calor, que nem a ameaça de chuva e algumas pingas na última etapa amenizaram, ajudando a tornar cada paragem parte integrante (ainda mais!) de uma descoberta que deixou portugueses e estrangeiros de sorriso rasgado na chegada ao palanque final. Uma festa enorme para encerrar um festival de curvas e gargalhadas, de surpresas gastronómicas e até inusitadas cerimónias que não estavam no programa do evento organizado pela Federação de Motociclismo de Portugal.

No festival mototuristico entre as cidades termais de São Pedro do Sul e Vizela, foram 320 quilómetros de um trajeto abrangente, através das Terras do Demo de Aquilino Ribeiro, das paisagens únicas do Douro Vinhateiro, das explorações auríferas nas minas de Jales e da agreste ruralidade de Terras de Basto.
Segundo o horário ideal previsto, eram 11 horas e 20 minutos de absoluto envolvimento turístico num dia excelente para a prática da modalidade, que começou mais fresco do que os anteriores, para uma primeira paragem em Castro Daire que tão bem recebe os motociclistas. Não apenas no Lés-a-Lés mas ao longo de todo o ano, tornando-se uma das paragens icónicas da N2.

Enquanto muitos reforçavam o pequeno-almoço madrugador com uma fatia do famoso Bolo Podre, outros conseguiram apreciar um dos primeiros Austin Ten, modelo de 1933, que o senhor Evaristo utiliza de forma regular para mostrar aos estrangeiros toda a potencialidade turística da região, em animados passeios que se estendem para lá do Douro.

Aquilino Ribeiro e o ‘camião’ do francês

Que era exatamente o destino da caravana que, ainda algo ensonada, passou pela labiríntica aldeia de Pendilhe, onde Dominique Gaignet disse mal da sua vida para manobrar a gigantesca Harley-Davidson Electa Glide, comprida de dois metros e meio e com mais de meia tonelada sobre duas rodas. O francês do Moto-Club Luçonnais (organizador do FIM Motocamp em 2025) reconheceu “a elevada qualidade e originalidade do evento, impecável em todos os aspetos, apesar de estar longe de ter um percurso ideal para esta moto”. Um lamento que não roubou o sorriso a quem fez mais de 3600 quilómetros só para chegar a Faro, passeando com sete amigos pelo sul de Espanha. Isto porque foi incapaz de dizer que não ao desafio lançado por Eric Sperner, presidente do clube que é geminado com o Grupo Motard de Fafe, e que é casado com Rosa Armanda Silva, uma portuguesa… de Fafe. Está explicado!

Ficou triste o ‘monsieur’ Gaignet porque, preocupado que estava com a condução do ‘camião’, não reparou na dezena de espigueiros que dão um toque único a Pendilhe, mas fez questão de passar com toda a serenidade numa Vila Nova de Paiva que ainda se espreguiçava. E com calma passou também no desvio pelas ruelas de Soutosa, terra onde nasceu aquele que muitos apontam como o maior prosador português do século XX, Aquilino Ribeiro. A Fundação que protege o espólio e as memórias do autor de Terras do Demo ou Volfrâmio ainda estava fechada, mas, pouco depois, mesmo em frente à Câmara Municipal de Moimenta da Beira, era possível perceber a ligação do escritor e empenhado ativista anti ditadura às origens. Afinal, a homenagem materializada na estátua ‘Quando os Lobos Uivam’, não deixa margem para dúvidas.

Levando muito a sério os avisos do ‘road-book’ e de toda a organização quanto à exigência da terceira etapa deste Lés-a-Lés, andaram lestos os participantes que passaram em São João da Pesqueira bem dentro do horário previsto, havendo quem, com medo de atrasos, até se tenha antecipado. A entrada no concelho, atravessando o Rio Távora na robusta ponte de arco único de Riodades, fez recordar outra relevância motociclística, com as marcas deixadas pelos fogos a sublinhar a importância da campanha Reflorestar Portugal de Lés-a-Lés que, ano após ano, tenta mudar mentalidades e a constituição da floresta nacional, apelando ao uso das árvores autóctones.

Reflexão que terá passado para segundo plano ao atravessar o histórico centro de São João da Pesqueira e a sua barroca Praça da República, que já serviu de restaurante num almoço de uma das primeiras edições do Lés-a-Lés. É que a aventura não para e é necessária muita atenção para guardar tantos detalhes deliciosos que o evento vai desvendando.

Histórias de naufrágios e traições no Douro

Tão deliciosos quanto as paragens, indispensáveis para hidratar e alimentar os participantes, em tempo aproveitado também para ir colocando a conversa em dia e falar sobre as maravilhas acabadas de ver. Assim foi também no Oásis montado em parceria pelos elementos dos moto clubes do Porto, um dos criadores do Lés-a-Lés no longínquo ano de 1999 que recriou importante episódio histórico, e de São João da Pesqueira, que, com o apoio da autarquia, proporcionou a tradicional bola de carne e dois porcos no espeto. Havia que comer para manter as energias que era ainda longo o caminho até Vizela, continuando pelo coração do Douro Vinhateiro, entre estradas encantadas, com passagem pela barragem da Valeira. Construção de 1975, um pouco a jusante do famoso cachão, o desfiladeiro granítico que estrangulava de tal forma o Douro que, enfurecido se lançava de uma altura de vários metros.

Local que foi palco de lendário naufrágio recriado no Oásis anterior, com ajuda dos Bombeiros Voluntários que deram maior realismo com um bem-agradecido banho de mangueira a recordar águas tempestuosas. Como aquelas que, a 12 de maio de 1861, levaram ao naufrágio do luxuoso rabelo do segundo marido de Dona Antónia Adelaide Ferreira. Diz a lenda que a ‘Ferreirinha’ se salvou graças ao balão criado pelas longas saias, enquanto o próspero empresário britânico, Joseph James Forrester, tornado Barão pelo Rei Fernando II, falecia devido à sua avareza. Conta-se que os sacos de moedas presos ao cinto e colocados nas botas o terão levado rapidamente ao fundo, mas Camilo Castelo Branco, contemporâneo do acontecimento e sempre muito bem informado das vidas mais mundanas onde ia buscar inspiração para as suas novelas, narra a verdade com outras letras.

No livro O Vinho do Porto, o escritor que viveu durante vários anos por aquelas bandas, conta que o Barão de Forrester terá sido atingido pelo mastro da embarcação, caindo atordoado às águas revoltas e esbracejado durante alguns minutos em busca da salvação. Algo que José da Silva Torres, administrador de longa data dos negócios e segundo marido da ‘Ferreirinha’, não terá tentado evitar, ficando quedo e mudo perante os pedidos de socorro do inglês. Talvez, conta Camilo, por saber do envolvimento romântico entre ele e a agora esposa ‘Ferreirinha’…

Curvas a subir e curvas a descer

Diz a experiência motociclística que depois de cada descida vem uma subida e vice-versa. Se a isso juntarmos um festival de curvas é possível fazer uma pequena ideia da diversão na descida ao Douro, na subida até Linhares e Parambos, em nova descida através de Ribalonga, a aldeia dos construtores de socalcos, com direito a passagem pela Barragem do Tua e na magnífica ascensão a São Mamede de Ribatua, com desvio ao Miradouro do Ujo para apreciar o Reino Maravilhoso exaltado pelo grande Miguel Torga. E mais uma estrada empinada até Alijó onde, claro está, houve novo Oásis, mostrando as doces laranjas do quente vale de S. Mamede de Ribatua como um dos vários produtos de excelência da região.

Que bem souberam a Matilde Jacinto, a mais jovem condutora do evento que, aos 15 anos, sofreu a bom sofrer para ultrapassar as longas e exigentes subidas durienses. “É que não bastava ter um moto de apenas 50 cc, como não estava habituada à Sherco SM que chegou poucos dias antes do Lés-a-Lés. Além de que nunca tinha feito tantos quilómetros nem conduzido durante tanto tempo”. Ainda assim, a jovem de Estremoz estava radiante porque, “apesar da dureza, vive-se um ambiente espetacular, com visita a locais que não conhecia e descobrindo coisas que nem fazia ideia que existiam”. Ao lado, de olhar enternecido e orgulhoso, os pais Andreia e Bruno assumiam a ‘culpa’ de ter estimulado a filha a participar (bem como o sobrinho Tomás Cheira numa AJP 125) e depois de sete presenças, sempre em motos mais aptas às exigências de grandes viagens, optaram por viver uma aventura diferente. A mãe Andreia trocou a enorme BMW GS pela pequeníssima Honda Monkey 125 e o pai participou com uma Suzuki TU 250 carregada de história. “Foi a primeira moto e comprada com o empréstimo de metade do dinheiro pela namorada e agora esposa. O dinheiro foi devolvido”, garante o marido Bruno recordando uma paixão comum que ajuda a reforçar a relação a cada quilómetro que passa, “até que há pouco tempo o amigo a quem a vendi aceitou voltar a vendê-la!”

Escândalo em Vila Pouca de Aguiar

E assim, com cilindradas e andamentos mais próximos, esta verdadeira aventura em família seguiu através de Favaios, capital do moscatel, apreciando os últimos vinhedos até Vilar de Maçada, e daí, atravessando as serras de Vilarelho e da Falperra, chegar ao planalto de Jales. Zona de terras auríferas exploradas desde há mais de 2000 anos, numa epopeia que começou no tempo dos romanos e se prolongou até outubro de 1992, criando numa estrutura que chegou aos 650 metros de profundidade no último dos 16 andares subterrâneos.

Mas o ‘grande escândalo’ surgiu durante visita ao Centro de Interpretação Mineiro de Jales, ao descobrir que ‘Donald Trump’ decidiu dar nova vida ao complexo anunciando a compra com o dinheiro ostentado, ali mesmo, por ‘J.D. Vance’. Um ‘good deal’ de quem garante possuir todas as cartas para jogar onde e quando lhe apetecer, acompanhado da promessa de ‘Make Vila Pouca de Aguiar Great Again’ que deixou os próprios ‘americanos’ espantados.

Um grupo de 10 emigrantes lusitanos, literalmente de todos os cantos de Portugal, de Chaves a Lisboa, de Alenquer a Faro, que se conheceram em New Jersey e ficaram unidos pela paixão motociclística. A ideia começou com Paulo ‘Montanellas’ Sousa que descobriu o Lés-a-Lés em 2022 e regressou em 2024. Para a 28.ª edição desafiou mais amigos e todos alugaram motos para a aventura da Federação de Motociclismo de Portugal. Todos não, “que há quem tenha poder financeiro para mandar vir a Gold Wing desde os Estados Unidos apesar de sair bem mais em conta alugar uma moto”.

Espantados com o nível da organização, elogiaram o controverso ‘Trump’ de Jales como um dos momentos altos deste Portugal de Lés-a-Lés, enaltecendo “a capacidade de brincar com temas bem atuais ao mesmo tempo que mostram a História de Portugal de uma forma espetacular”. E depois de uma visita à réplica dos tuneis das minas e de conhecer as ferramentas originais das muitas profissões indispensáveis numa exploração mineira, seguiram para Vila Pouca de Aguiar descobrindo pelo caminho alguns pinheiros-do-Oregon, conífera de grande porte originária da América do Norte. E descobriram também, juntamente com todos os outros participantes, uma nova forma de chegar à cidade transmontana, trocando o bom asfalto da convencional pela N212 por uma abordagem diferente através de inclinados quelhos mesmo até ao centro.

Onde, fazendo jus à fama das suas qualidades, não podia faltar a conhecida Água das Pedras, extraída ali bem perto, no Parque das Pedras Salgadas, e onde até havia a possibilidade de assistir ao Concurso de Saltos Internacional, no Centro Hípico das Romanas. Curiosamente, os equídeos voltaram a ser tema de conversa em Cabeceiras de Basto onde a caravana chegou depois de mais uma boa dose de curvas com passagem por Ribeira de Pena, subindo ao Alvão, descendo ao Tâmega, visitando Arco de Baúlhe.

A lenda d’O Basto em palco de corridas… de burros

Tudo isto antes da paragem junto ao imponente Mosteiro de São Miguel de Refojos, fundado no tempo de D. Afonso Henriques e com a particularidade de ser o único dos 29 mosteiros beneditinos que tem um zimbório. Ali mesmo ao lado, num ‘asnódromo’ onde são feitas corridas de burros e que daria uma bela pista oval para corridas de ‘speedway’, os Motogalos de Barcelos animavam as hostes recriando a Segunda Invasão Francesa de 1809, lideradas pelo Marechal Soult, e picavam as tarjetas, enquanto os Bombeiros Voluntários Cabeceirenses voltavam, tal como há dois anos, em Cavez, a proporcionar excelentes bifanas.

Recordou-se a passagem das tropas napoleónicas que, vindas de Chaves e em direção ao Porto, percorreram e saquearam vários pontos da região do Minho e de Trás-os-Montes, causando grande destruição no vale do Tâmega, nomeadamente da histórica Ponte de Basto, cuja estrutura medieval foi parcialmente destruída. Falou-se de franceses, mas também da lenda d’O Basto, o poderoso monge guerreiro lusitano, tão grande em estatura como na coragem, que defendeu o Mosteiro de São Miguel da feroz investida dos Mouros durante o período do Império Visigótico. Depois de mandar os companheiros para acudirem a outros lugares, Hermígio Romarigues fez frente às tropas de Tarik, gritando junto à ponte que dava acesso ao Mosteiro: “até ali, por São Miguel, até ali basto eu!”.

E tanto bastou que, com bravura, repeliu as três investidas, cobrindo a ponte de corpos inimigos e obrigando os Mouros invasores e com maior poder bélico, a negociar de igual para igual com o Abade D. Gelmiro. Esse ‘basto’ acabou por dar nome a toda a região e foi imortalizado através da famosa estátua erigida em sua homenagem, como reconhecimento pelos serviços prestados a El-Rei Pelágio integrado no reduto das Astúrias durante a Reconquista Cristã.

Quatro casamentos e um Mundial

Momento histórico que quase distraía os mais atrasados (ou seriam as bifanas?…) que estava na hora de debandar em direção a Vizela. Antes, porém, a passagem pelo Confurco, meca do Rali de Portugal, mesmo às portas de Fafe, com o local onde foi dada a partida para o 15.º Lés-a-Lé a servir agora de palco à cerimónia do pódio do primeiro dos dois dias da primeira jornada portuguesa que marca exatamente o meio do Campeonato Mundial de Enduro. Quem ficou com pena de não poder ver em ação os melhores enduristas do planeta, tem nova possibilidade no fim-de-semana de 20 e 21 de junho, em nova ronda pelas serras de Fafe, na única localidade que acolhe duas jornadas mundialistas em 2026.

Sem tempo a perder que os implacáveis ponteiros do relógio não param, a passagem à porta da singela e robusta Igreja Românica de Arões e a subida à Penha para tentar fugir às zonas industrializadas, fez com que começassem a aparecer com frequência crescente placas a indicar Vizela. “Está quase” pensavam todos os aventureiros a pensar com o momento de glória de subida ao palanque final.

Porém nada no Portugal de Lés-a-Lés é tão linear como parece à primeira vista, isto é, ao olhar para o ‘road-book’, e para acabar em GRANDE, nada como uma visita à Igreja de São Cristóvão, em Abação. Uma surpresa que deixou muitos embasbacados com o grande aparato, com detetores de metais e muitos seguranças de óculos escuros e auriculares, que exigiam o convite entregue no Controlo 1, na Culatra, para a entrada numa festa de casamento. Ou melhor na celebração (real) de umas Bodas de Ouro e de quatro casamentos (‘fake’) que a rapaziada dos Conquistadores não faz por menos. Uma festa gigantesca no último controlo, o 18, em que as noivas chegaram em viaturas clássicas perante os aplausos dos quase 100 convidados vestidos a rigor.

Um equívoco, terão pensado alguns face ao realismo do evento. Nada disso: apenas o Motoclube de Guimarães a ser ele próprio tal como havia sido na ilha da Culatra, onde deu imprescindível contributo para o sucesso do inovador Passeio de Abertura. Uma deslumbrante festa de casamento com que os divertidos motociclistas vimaranenses marcaram o encerramento de um dos mais animados Portugal de Lés-a-Lés de sempre, que, porém, só terminaria uns quilómetros adiante.

Foi em Vizela, perante milhares de habitantes e com grande animação num palanque que contou com engraçados Centuriões Romanos, uma bela personificação da Vizela Romana e personagens em andas a juntarem-se às já imprescindíveis dançarinas numa festa onde nem faltou o fogo de artificio. Nem faltaram as mãos dos osteopatas da Osteomotus ou o apoio dos estreantes mecânicos Filipe, David e Diniz que se juntaram à equipa da Motoval. Nem faltou, claro está, um saboroso jantar, rematado com o famoso bolinhol, criado em 1884 e aclamado como uma das Sete Maravilhas Doces de Portugal em 2019. Repasto servido no Jardim Manuel Faria, mesmo ao lado da Praça da República, de onde partirá a edição de 2027 deste feita rumo a terras algarvias. Que, sublinhe-se, terá enormes exigências de qualidade depois do sucesso de 2026, fortemente aplaudido por todos os envolvidos no 28.º Portugal de Lés-a-Lés. Uma edição lendária, para ficar na história do motociclismo nacional.

Colaboração do Gabinete de Imprensa Portugal de Lés-a-Lés

Ukraine’s special forces sabotaged an oil pumping station in Russia with help from a local partisan group, SOF reports

14 June 2026 at 13:29

ukraine's sof say sabotaged russian oil pumping station help partisan group · post satellite view palkino myshkinsky district yaroslavl oblast russia storage tanks processing infrastructure facility before reported attack untitled-1

Ukraine's Special Operations Forces (SSO) reported conducting a joint sabotage operation with a Russian underground resistance movement against an oil pumping station in Yaroslavl Oblast that feeds crude toward Russia's Baltic export terminal, SSO announced on 14 June. The military called it the second coordinated action with the partisan group in one week. Euromaidan Press cannot independently verify the reported damage.

Such sabotage operations are in line with Ukraine's deep-strike campaign, which has systematically targeted Russian oil refineriesdepotspumping stations, and pipeline infrastructure, driving Russian oil production to its lowest level in a year. Combined with the Logistics Lockdown middle-strike campaign targeting Russian supply routes in the occupied territories — including fuel trucks — the effort has already triggered a gasoline crisis across more than two dozen Russian regions and six occupied Ukrainian areas.

 

SSO and Black Spark report joint operation on Palkino station

SSO said it conducted "special actions" on the Palkino oil pumping station in Myshkinsky district, Yaroslavl Oblast, in coordination with the Russian underground resistance movement Chornaya Iskra (Black Spark). The Special Operations Forces reported that operators struck "key elements of the enemy's oil transport infrastructure."

Palkino is a village in Myshkinsky district, Yaroslavl Oblast, about 40 km southwest of Rybinsk, where Ukrainian drones set a Rosrezerv oil depot ablaze last night.

Russian underground movement Chernaya Iskra confirmed its participation and called the station "a very important facility." 

"With exports, of course, they'll have to wait. Here in Russia itself, the Hunger Games for gasoline are starting — what exports?" the group wrote.

SSO said this was the second joint operation with the partisan movement this week. On 12 June, SOF and Chernaya Iskra struck the TANECO refinery in Tatarstan, SOF stated. That strike was previously reported by Euromaidan Press as part of a broader overnight raid confirmed by Ukraine's General Staff.

ukrainian drones torch russia's strategic wartime fuel reserves rybinsk explosives-linked chemical plant tula oblast · post thick smoke rises multiple points conflagration rosrezerv kombinat temp oil depot yaroslavl russia after
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Ukrainian drones torch Russia’s strategic wartime fuel reserves in Rybinsk and explosives-linked chemical plant in Tula Oblast

The Palkino pumping station is part of the Surgut-Polotsk trunk oil pipeline. The station receives crude oil from Siberia and delivers it to refineries and export terminals. After the Baltic Pipeline System was commissioned, the station became part of Transneft-Baltika and a key link in the logistics chain supporting Russian crude exports through the port of Primorsk in Leningrad Oblast.

Striking oil transport infrastructure reduces Russia's capacity to export energy resources and cuts the revenues funding the war against Ukraine, SOF stated.

ukraine's sof say sabotaged russian oil pumping station help partisan group · post nasa firms fire detection rybinsk-myshkin area yaroslavl oblast russia active markers (red) rosrezerv depot near rybinsk thermal
NASA FIRMS fire detection map of the Rybinsk-Myshkin area in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, showing active fire markers (red) at the Rosrezerv oil depot near Rybinsk but no thermal anomalies near Myshkin where the Palkino pumping station is located, 14 June 2026. Source: NASA FIRMS

Euromaidan Press cannot independently verify the report or confirm damage at the Palkino site at this time. NASA's FIRMS thermal monitoring system shows fires continuing at the Rybinsk Rosrezerv oil depot in the same Yaroslavl Oblast after the overnight drone strike on 14 June, but registers no fires in the area of Myshkino over the past month, where Palkino is located. This may mean that any damage caused didn't trigger large fires.

Farage vows to ban foreign nationals from social housing as byelection looms

14 June 2026 at 11:58

Reform leader claims ‘anti-whiteness is institutionalised’ in UK as polls suggest Labour have lead in Makerfield

Nigel Farage has said he would ban foreign nationals from social housing and then deport them if they could not find private-sector homes, in a hardening of anti-immigration rhetoric before the Makerfield byelection.

Two recent polls in Makerfield have suggested Farage’s Reform UK is continuing to leak potentially crucial support to its far-right rival Restore Britain, which is led by the former Reform MP Rupert Lowe.

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© Photograph: Ryan Jenkinson/Getty Images

© Photograph: Ryan Jenkinson/Getty Images

© Photograph: Ryan Jenkinson/Getty Images

The Ancient Libraries That Preserved the Knowledge of Great Civilizations

14 June 2026 at 11:01
An animation depicting Apollonius of Rhodes, the head of the Library of Alexandria, sitting at a desk and writing on a scroll in a grand library setting with bookshelves and columns
The largest libraries of the ancient world weren’t mere book collections. They were centers of power, education, and survival across empires. Credit: Greek Reporter archive

Clay tablets, papyrus scrolls and organized archives gave rise to the largest libraries the ancient world had ever seen. From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean, early civilizations built and guarded repositories that preserved knowledge, solidified power and shaped future generations.

These libraries were more than buildings. They were strategic tools for governance, scholarship, and cultural influence.

From clay tablets to papyrus, Mesopotamia built the first libraries of the ancient world

The earliest libraries were established in Mesopotamia over five thousand years ago. Sumerians developed cuneiform writing by pressing marks into wet clay. These tablets contained records on trade, law, rituals and literature. Stored in temple rooms and palaces, they were grouped by subject and carefully archived.

The Assyrians advanced this system, and King Ashurbanipal of Nineveh built a vast royal library with thousands of tablets in the 7th century BC. These included manuscripts on religion, medicine, and science. His collection, organized by topic, is one of the oldest discovered in archaeological history.

Babylonian cuneiform. Chronicle of Nabopolassar
The cuneiform inscriptions on this clay tablet narrate the chronicle of the years 608-605 BC. Credit: Wikimedia Commons / Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg) / CC BY 4.0

A major turning point came with the use of papyrus scrolls in Egypt. Lighter and more portable than clay, papyrus allowed collections to grow in size. The new format enabled broader distribution of texts and helped libraries expand across the ancient world.

Libraries of Persia and Assyria as guardians of culture, law, and empire

In the ancient Near East, libraries held both spiritual and administrative importance. Persian rulers integrated libraries into royal courts. The Achaemenid Empire preserved legal codes, religious texts, and historical records. These archives helped maintain order across a diverse and multilingual empire.

Assyria’s greatest legacy was Ashurbanipal’s library at Nineveh, a vast collection of thousands of clay tablets covering medicine, astronomy, literature, and more.

Library of Ashurbanipal Mesopotamia 1500-539 BC Gallery
Library of Ashurbanipal Mesopotamia 1500-539 BC Gallery. Credit: Gary Todd / Wikimedia Commons / CC0

Ashurbanipal viewed knowledge as a tool of control and culture. His efforts helped preserve Mesopotamian heritage for future generations. Cultural exchange carried these texts far beyond their regions of origin. Greek scholars translated many works, merging Near Eastern traditions with Hellenistic thought. In this way, the great libraries preserved and transmitted intellectual life through centuries of conflict and empire.

The Great Library of Alexandria and the ambition to collect all human knowledge

The Library of Alexandria, founded around 283 BC by Ptolemy I in Egypt, aimed to gather every written work known at the time. Located within the Musaeum, a research center devoted to the arts and sciences, the library was supported by powerful rulers who dispatched agents across the world to acquire texts.

Scrolls were taken from ships arriving at the port. Originals were copied and the duplicates returned. The collection spanned literature, philosophy, astronomy, and medicine.

An artistic reconstruction of the ancient Library of Alexandria, depicting a grand classical building with towering columns, open courtyards, and scholars gathered among scrolls and manuscripts in a sunlit setting.
Artistic impression of the an ancient library. Credit: Greek Reporter Archive

Scholars such as Euclid and Archimedes studied there. Librarians developed early cataloging systems and edited standardized versions of key texts.

The library suffered damage during Julius Caesar’s campaign in 48 BC, and its decline continued through later invasions and internal unrest. Despite its fall, the model it established influenced libraries in Pergamum, Rome, and beyond.

Ancient Greek libraries as public learning hubs and private intellectual sanctuaries

Ancient Greek libraries shifted knowledge from private temples to public life. Athens and other city-states built libraries open to scholars and citizens. One early example is Aristotle’s personal collection, which became a foundation for later public institutions.

Private libraries also flourished. Wealthy individuals and philosophers curated collections for study and teaching. Plato, for instance, used their libraries to support schools such as the Academy. These libraries helped preserve philosophy, science, and literature and played a central role in Greek intellectual life.

View of the Acropolis of ancient Greek Library of Pergamon
View of the Acropolis of the ancient Greek Library of Pergamon. Credit: CalicoJackRackham / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain

Public libraries enabled wider access to knowledge in the ancient world, while private collections fostered personal study and debate. Together, they formed a system that allowed Greek thought to spread across the Mediterranean.

Roman libraries as instruments of power, education, and governance

Rome expanded the library model throughout its empire. In 39 BC, Gaius Asinius Pollio opened the first public library in the capital. Emperors like Augustus followed, building libraries in temples and forums. These became cultural landmarks and centers for learning.

Roman libraries preserved works in both Latin and Greek, encompassing law, science, literature, and official records. They served not only administrative needs but also public education, fostering literacy and stimulating scholarly debate throughout the empire as access expanded.

Timgad Library, a gift to the Roman people by Julius Quintianus Flavius Rogatianus
Timgad Library, a gift to the Roman people by Julius Quintianus Flavius Rogatianus. Credit: Dan Sloan / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 2.0

Wealthy Romans maintained private collections. These libraries, often run by scribes and servants, became symbols of status. Imperial libraries, meanwhile, preserved state records and reinforced the authority of the emperor.

By preserving Greek and earlier texts, Roman libraries established a bridge between ancient and medieval scholarship, leaving behind a lasting legacy for Europe.

Collapse of ancient libraries and the long survival of their knowledge

Ancient libraries faced repeated threats. Fires, wars, and natural disasters wiped out entire collections. The Library of Alexandria was damaged during civil war, then weakened by centuries of neglect. With the fall of the Roman Empire, invasions, political turmoil, and shifting religious forces accelerated the decline of these repositories of knowledge.

In the Near East, the Library of Ctesiphon was destroyed during the Arab conquests. At Herculaneum, the eruption of Mount Vesuvius buried the Villa of the Papyri beneath volcanic ash, both preserving and damaging hundreds of scrolls.

However, fragments survived. In medieval Europe, monasteries preserved knowledge by copying ancient texts by hand. Across the Islamic world, scholars translated Greek, Roman, and Persian works into Arabic, safeguarding ideas that had vanished elsewhere. These efforts carried the legacy of antiquity into the Renaissance and, ultimately, the modern era.

The fall of ancient libraries marked the end of an era but not the end of their influence. Their legacy endures in today’s institutions, which continue the timeless mission of collecting, preserving, and sharing human knowledge.

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© Photograph: Christopher Furlong/Getty Images

© Photograph: Christopher Furlong/Getty Images

© Photograph: Christopher Furlong/Getty Images

How the Greek Language Continues to Shape English

14 June 2026 at 02:07
The English language is full of words with origins in Greek.
The English language is full of words with origins in Greek mythology. How has the Greek language influenced English? Credit: jovike, Flickr, CC BY 2.0

Imagine for a moment human history as a river, where the Greek language is not just a small and narrow stream but a deep and forceful current that has enriched the English language over the course of time with its wisdom, art, and science.

This is a connection that says much about our shared human heritage. It clearly shows how ancient language can influence our lives to this day despite the passing of time. This journey of Greek influences on English clearly shows how languages evolve and influence each other. It is also indicative of how the words of important ancient philosophers, poets, and scientists found a new home in our modern English vocabulary.

Renaissance: The gateway to Greek wisdom

Our linguistic journey begins in the Renaissance—that era of enlightenment during which Europe turned its focus back to the glories of ancient Greece and Rome so as to draw inspiration and hope for a better future.

English, which was then only in its infancy so to say absorbed the wisdom of various ancient Greek texts both directly but mainly indirectly. This was a time when scholars and poets across the continent studied the works of Plato, Aristotle, and Homer, bringing back Greek ideas through the very words that shaped them.

It was meant to be the beginning of a remarkable story, whereby numerous Greek words began pouring into English, enriching it with new terms for concepts in areas such as science, governance, and philosophy among other things.

The process was obviously not a one-time event. It was, however, natural and almost effortless. English had a reputation for borrowing from other, older languages due to its young age. This was the reason why the Greek world offered a great window of opportunity for English. Greek had a mature and beautiful repository of words that was both vast and precise in terms of definitions for those who needed inspiration.

Words like “democracy” (from “demokratia,” meaning rule by the people) and “philosophy” (from “philosophia,” meaning love of wisdom) were instantly adopted by those early English speakers and their neighbors. These terms were used to describe concepts that were becoming increasingly important and common in the then-evolving intellectual landscape of Western Europe.

This process wasn’t just about adding words to a dictionary, however. It was mainly about embracing the vast richness of Greek thought and making it accessible to the European peoples who were gradually beginning to learn about the marvels of ancient Greece.

Through this linguistic exchange that lasted for centuries, Greek words became an integral part of how we communicate today, particularly when we want to express complex ideas and concepts. The influence of Greek on English also showed the power of a language that goes beyond time and space, as it connects us to thinkers of the past and their intricate theories about life and the world around us.

Greek roots in modern English

Our daily conversations in English are full of words that were originally used by the ancient Greeks. These words have been integrated into our lives over time, and, in fact, most times, we don’t even realize this. Such words cover a wide spectrum of fields from governance and philosophy to the less significant elements of everyday life.

For instance, let’s take a look at the concept of “democracy.” Democracy has been the fundamental element of modern political thought for centuries now in many places around the globe that share and define their destinies by liberal ideas. This particular word is derived from the Greek “demokratía,” which hides a truly fundamental and yet simple message—that of a power that derives from the people.

Similarly, the word “philosophy” refers to the love of wisdom. This comes from the Greek word “philosophía,” which is a term that brilliantly summarizes the Greek pursuit of human knowledge and understanding. Philos is Greek for “friend” while “sophia” is simply the Greek word for wisdom. Hence, a philosopher is nothing more than a friend of truth and wisdom.

Beyond these fundamental ideals, however, Greek has also provided the English language with a plethora of words (see?) that describe the world we live in.

The word “bibliotheke,” for example, survives in languages like French and German, but, in English, it’s “library,” of course. Nonetheless, this shows how interconnected the Greek language continues to be with that of the Romans in terms of influencing Europe and its linguistic landscape.

On the other hand, the Greek word “mousike” becomes “music” and gains a truly universal character of its own that describes emotion and expression. These simple, everyday examples show the broad spectrum of Greek influences on English.

They also explain exceptionally well how Greek enriched our language with terms that demonstrate both the beautiful nature and excellence of human thought as well as the simplicity of the everyday life of us mortals.

Greek language and scientific terminology

If we’d like a better understanding of how the Greek language has influenced English most, we need to take a look at scientific and medical terminology. The ancient Greek world was the place where Western medicine and science flourished. Therefore, the language provided the roots for countless words that used to this day.

In medicine, for example, words like “neurology” and “psychology” reveal their clear Greek origins along with the fundamental knowledge that the Greeks processed about notions like these millennia ago. The word neurology comes from the Greek word “neuron,” which means nerve, and “logia,” which means study. On the other hand, the word psychology comes from the Greek word for soul, that is psyche. These two ordinary examples show us the extent to which the Greeks knew about the two sciences more than two to three thousand years ago.

Astronomy, too, is also a field of study that is profoundly rich in Greek-derived terms. A great example here would be the word “galaxy.” The term comes from the Greek word “galaxias,” which actually has nothing to do with the sky, as it means milky. The Greeks probably chose this word because our home galaxy, the Milky Way, looked way too white in the night sky. This is likely how it got its name.

Another very interesting word is the word “planet.” This word comes from the Greek “planetes,” which means wanderer. This is clear proof of how the Greeks observed the planets moving across the sky, thinking that they were celestial wanderers. Such terms, along with countless others, provide a vocabulary for scientific inquiry that is truly rich and full of meaning, as the explanation of these names is fascinating. Furthermore, these Greek-rooted words bridge modern science with our ancient world and the knowledge that humanity has possessed for thousands of years.

Greek and US flags
Credit: Infrogmation, New Orleans, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.5

How the Greek language shapes English today

The influence of Greek on the English language extends beyond individual words, which are obviously countless. Greek plays a fundamental role in the ability of the English language to create its own building blocks of word formation, and this is something that is mostly overlooked. Prefixes and suffixes are most important in this in that they form the foundations of our everyday communication in the world.

These particular linguistic elements are often borrowed from Greek. They might be tiny, but their importance is massive, as they offer English remarkable flexibility in creating numerous new terms that describe novel concepts and innovations.

For instance, the prefix “bio-” means life and comes from the Greek “bios.” This allows English speakers to create and use words such as, “biology,” “biochemistry,” “biotechnology,” “biodegradable,” and “biodiversity,” among many others. This is a sign of a language that incorporates complex ideas in a concise and yet understandable way in everyone’s terms.

Similarly, “geo-,” meaning earth (from Greek “ge”), gives us “geography,” “geology,” “geometry,” “geodynamics,” and “geopolitics.” These form another element of how cultural and linguistic exchanges bring many closed physical sciences to the structures of today’s world and the way we understand and interpret it.

On the other hand, we have the suffixes.

Examples like “-logy” (from Greek “logia,” meaning the study of) transform hundred—if not thousands—of basic roots into nouns. These nouns normally denote areas of knowledge or fields of study in the English language. We have numerous examples of this, including words such as “biology,” “psychology,” “chronology, “terminology,” “meteorology,” “ecology,” “theology,” and “technology” among many others.

Another great example of Greek suffixes is “-phobia.” This word derives from the Greek “phobos,” meaning fear and has been adopted to describe various fears and aversions in the English vocabulary. Examples of this are “arachnophobia” for the fear of spiders or “technophobia” for the fear of technology.

Such examples brilliantly illustrate how Greek prefixes and suffixes continue to offer English the chance not simply to add foreign words to its dictionaries but also to grow and adapt to new discoveries and concepts using root words that already exist in its lexica.

Library books in shelves
The Greek language has played a crucial role in shaping modern English. Credit: Terry Kearny, Flickr, Public Domain

Greek idioms in everyday English

Nonetheless, the importance and influence of the Greek language is not the only one we should be interested in. Greek mythology has also managed to deeply penetrate the English language through centuries of cultural and idiomatic expressions that have managed to survive to this day.

Phrases such as “opening the Pandora’s box” and having an “Achilles’ heel” bring the English speaker back to the tales and epic stories of Greek mythology. This clearly shows how the timeless themes of curiosity and vulnerability that are at the forefront of Greek mythology remain relevant. These common expressions are covered in thousands of years of history, offering an easy and accessible explanation of complex ideas that we can still use thousands of years after their inception.

The lasting influence of Greek on English

The Greek language, along with Latin, French and other Germanic languages has played a fundamental role in the development of English. Greek has enriched it with a vocabulary that spans the breadth of human knowledge—from the heights of philosophy and science to the depths of myth and human emotion.

This rich linguistic legacy, beginning with a blend of words and going all the way to grammatical and syntactical structures and expressions, highlights the nature of English which is purely dynamic and ever-evolving. One of the reasons why English has become today’s lingua franca is also because of its capacity to absorb and integrate diverse cultural influences from around the world and make them integral parts of the language.

Particularly, the complex interconnection of English with the Greek language and culture gives us the opportunity to engage with the ancient Greeks, see their world, and learn from their wisdom and worldviews, finding timeless depictions of humanity’s knowledge.

In embracing the gifts of Greek, English has not only expanded its vocabulary but has also deepened its expressive capabilities, offering to its hundreds of millions of speakers worldwide a richer toolkit with which they can articulate the concepts of the modern world.

Related: The Unique Eccentricities of the Modern Greek Language

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