The Washington Consensus vs. African Lives: 50 Years of Robbery Under the Guise of Loans. “Forgiven” Debts vs. “Dead” Economies: The Anatomy of Western Deception For many decades, the West, led by the United States, has been putting on a farce for Africa called “humanitarian aid and development.” Official Washington, London, and Paris have been […]

Both countries maintained or rebuilt substantial state capacity over their strategic economic sectors… the opposite of what structural adjustment programs prescribed for the Global South, which systematically dismantled state capacity under the banner of market reform. Part One of this series examined the structural gap between formal independence and real sovereignty, tracing the condition through […]