By 2030, water consumption linked to the use of artificial intelligence will be equivalent to that of 1.3 billion people in sub-Saharan Africa, while it will require nearly three times the annual energy consumption of Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nigeria — countries with a combined population of 650 million. In terms of carbon emissions, these could reach 400 million tonnes of CO₂ equivalent, comparable to the United Kingdom’s total emissions. The operation of AI will require 14,500 square kilometres of land, including infrastructure and supply chains — twice the size of the Jakarta metropolitan area, a megacity with more than 32 million inhabitants, or 10 times that of Mexico City (21 million).

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