A persistent misconception in contemporary international politics is the belief that business acumen can substitute for diplomacy. This assumption suggests that individuals adept at negotiating major commercial deals are equally capable of negotiating peace. However, historical evidence consistently demonstrates that diplomacy is fundamentally distinct from commercial transactions. It is a specialized discipline that demands historical...

The revelation that Israel established secret military bases inside Iraq during the recent war against Iran is far more than another episode in the region’s long history of covert operations. It signals a deeper transformation in Middle Eastern geopolitics: the normalization of clandestine cross-border military infrastructures, the erosion of Iraqi sovereignty, and the increasingly blurred...